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Thursday, July 9, 2015

CyanogenMod (pronounced /s.ˈæn..ˌɛn.mɒd/), usually abbreviated to CM, is an open-source operating system for smartphonesand tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. It is developed as free and open source software based on the official releases of Android by Google, with added original and third-party code. It is based on a rolling release development model.
CyanogenMod offers features and options not found in the official firmware distributed by mobile device vendors. Features supported by CyanogenMod include native theming support,[7] FLAC audio codec support, a large Access Point Name list, an OpenVPN client, Privacy Guard (per-application permission management application), support for tethering over common interfaces, CPU overclocking and other performance enhancements, unlockable bootloader and root access, soft buttons and other "tablet tweaks", toggles in the notification pull-down (such as Wi-FiBluetooth and GPS), and other interface enhancements. CyanogenMod does not contain spyware or bloatware, according to its developers.[8][9] CyanogenMod is also stated to increase performance and reliability compared with official firmware releases.[10]
Although only a subset of total CyanogenMod users elect to report their use of the firmware,[11] as of March 23, 2015, some reports indicate that over 50 million people run CyanogenMod on their phones.[12][13]
In 2013, project founder Steve Kondik announced that venture funding had been obtained to establish Cyanogen Inc. as a commercial enterprise to develop and market the firmware more widely. This announcement has led to controversy within the community, with some developers asserting that rights and licensing issues, acknowledging/compensating past developers and honoring the original ethos of the community project, are not being adequately addressed.[14] These claims were rejected by Kondik, who affirmed support for the community and stated that most CyanogenMod code, as with Android generally, is bound by a non-restrictive Apache license.
Ubuntu (originally /ʊˈbntʊ/ uu-boon-tuu, according to the company website /ʊˈbʊnt/ uu-buun-too)[7][8][9][10][11] is a Debian-based Linuxoperating system, with Unity as its default desktop environment. It is based on free software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness"), which often is translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity".[12]
Development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd.,[13] a company owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other services related to Ubuntu.[14][15] The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open-source software development; people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.[16][17]
OS X (pronounced /ˌ ɛs ˈtɛn/;[11] originally Mac OS X) is a series of Unix-based graphical interface operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is designed to run on Macintosh computers, having been pre-installed on all Macs since 2002. It was the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final release of the "classic" Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. The first version released was Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah" followed on March 24, 2001. Previous releases of OS X were named after big cats; for example, OS X v10.8 was referred to as "Mountain Lion". However, with the announcement of OS X Mavericks in June 2013, this was dropped in favor of Californian landmarks.[12] Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, OS X is the second most widely used OS afterWindows.[13][14][15]
OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is a prominent part of its brand identity, is built on technologies developed at NeXTbetween the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996. The 'X' is also used to emphasize the relatedness between OS X and UNIX. UNIX 03 certification has been achieved for versions 10.5 for Intel CPUs,[3] and versions 10.6through 10.10.[4][5][6][7][8] iOS, the mobile OS for the iPhoneiPod Touch,[16] iPad, and the 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TV,[17] shares the Unix-based Darwin core and many frameworks with OS X. An unnamed variant of v10.4 powers the first generation Apple TV.[18]
The first releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2006 can run only on the PowerPC based Macs of the period. After Apple announced it would shift to using Intel x86 CPUs from 2006 onwards, Tiger and Leopard were released in versions for Intel and PowerPC processors. Snow Leopard is the first version released only for Intel Macs. Since the release of Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion", OS X has dropped support for 32-bit Intel processors as well. It now runs exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs.
Apple sells an application suite for OS X called OS X Server, for use on servers. It includes tools to facilitate management of workgroups of OS X machines, and to provide network services. It is sold separately through the Mac App Store as a single item; in the past it was sold separately or preinstalled on dedicated server computers.
The latest version of OS X is 10.10 "Yosemite", which was released to the public on October 16, 2014.
Windows 10 (codenamed Threshold) is an upcoming personal computer operating system being developed by Microsoft as part of theWindows NT family of operating systems. Officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, it is scheduled for general availability on July 29, 2015.[2] The main goal of Windows 10 was to culminate an effort to unify the Windows operating system across multiple Microsoft product families—including PCs, tabletssmartphonesembedded systems, and Xbox One, as well as new products such as Surface Hub and HoloLens—allowing these products to share what Microsoft described as a "universal" application architecture and Windows Store ecosystem. Expanding upon the Windows Runtime platform introduced by Windows 8, this architecture allows applications to be adapted for use between these platforms while sharing common code.
Windows 10 introduces revisions to the operating system's user interface, including the addition of Start menu similar to Windows 7 but incorporating Windows 8's "live tiles", a virtual desktop system, a notifications sidebar, and the ability to adjust user interface behaviors based on available input devices—particularly on convertible laptops and tablets with keyboard accessories. Windows 10 will provide integration with additional Microsoft services, including the intelligent personal assistant Cortana, and Xbox Live. Windows 10 will also introduce a new default web browserMicrosoft Edge, as well as integrated support for fingerprint and face recognition login, and new versions of DirectX and WDDM to improve the operating system's graphics capabilities for games.
Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 10 will adopt a tiered approach to updates; Microsoft described the operating system as being a "service" that will receive non-critical updates over its lifespan, in combination with periodic long-term support milestones for enterprise environments, and the Windows Insider program for public beta testing of future updates. To encourage its adoption, Microsoft announced that during its first year of availability, Windows 10 would be made available free of charge to users of genuine copies of eligible versions of Windows 7 or Windows 8.1.

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Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel and currently developed by Google. With a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, with specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, and a virtual keyboard. Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it has also been used in game consolesdigital cameras, regular PCs, and other electronics. As of 2015, Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems.[11]
As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications ("apps") published, and over 50 billion applications downloaded.[12] An April–May 2013 survey of mobile application developers found that 71% of them create applications for Android;[13]another 2015 survey found that 40% of full-time professional developers see Android as the "priority" target platform, which is more thaniOS (37%) or other platforms.[14] At Google I/O 2014, the company revealed that there were over one billion active monthly Android users, up from 538 million in June 2013.[15]
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software, including proprietary software developed and licensed by Google.[3] Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005,[16] Android was unveiled in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance – a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[17]
Android is popular with technology companies which require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-techdevices.[18] Android's open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced users[19] or bring Android to devices which were officially released running other operating systems. The operating system's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.[20][21]